ABSTRACT
Hydroxychloroquine is a chloroquine derivative recognized for treating 'SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19', among its other uses. It is one of the key drugs used for the treatment of malaria and other respiratory diseases. The drug exhibits multiple pharmacological activities such as anti-malarial, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-HIV, antifungal, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities. The coronavirus has recently shown five mutations or genetic change in its structure due to change in the climatic condition (i.e. R207C (nsp 2-27) - Wuhan (China), V378 I (nsp 2-198) - Italy, M2796I (nsp 4-33) - Iran, L3606F (nsp 6-37)-America and V9082F (ORF 7a-74) - Kuwait). There are many preclinical, clinical, theoretical, and experimental evidences that support the effectiveness of HCQ and CQ on patients affected by COVID-19. Based on the evidence currently underway and future research, we will be able to provide better analysis of the role of HCQ and CQ in the COVID-19 transition. It displays several activities related to the respiratory system, and numerous studies have suggested that the compound may be beneficial in protection against diseases such as malaria and lupus erythematosus. The present review represents the role and use of HCQ in the COVID-19 dis-ease. The object of this review study is based on the research evidence obtained from different au-thentic sources. It is currently used in the study of HCQ and CQ for the treatment of coronavirus and various other infections.Copyright © 2021 Bentham Science Publishers.
ABSTRACT
The recently identified 2019 novel coronaviruses (2019-nCoV) has caused extra-human infections. 2019-nCoV identified a global threat that is causing an outbreak of unusual viral pneumonia in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronaviruses 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Considering the relatively high identity of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in 2019-nCoV and SARS-CoV, it is urgent to assess the cross-reactivity of anti-SARS-CoV antibodies with 2019-nCoV spike protein, which could have important implications for rapid development of vaccines and therapeutic antibodies against 2019-nCoV. The zinc metallopeptidase angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the only known human homolog of the key regulator of blood pressure ACE. ACE2 also serves as the cellular entry point for the SARS virus, therefore, a prime target for pharmacological intervention. SARS-CoV-2 uses the SARS-CoV receptor for entry and the serine protease transmembrane protease serine 2 for spike (S) protein priming. That it is still necessary to develop novel mAbs that could bind specifically to 2019-nCoV RBD. Cell entry of coronaviruses depends on the binding of the viral S proteins to cellular receptors and S protein priming by host cell proteases. A transmembrane protease serine 2 inhibitor approved for clinical use blocked entry and might constitute a treatment option. Our results reveal important commonalities between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infection and identify a potential target for antiviral intervention. This review will help understand the biology and potential risk of CoVs that exist in richness in wildlife such as bats. We provide a brief introduction to the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV and interaction between the RBD of coronavirus spike protein and ACE2.